Conflict Resolution Education: Four Approaches
Are you "shopping" for a conflict resolution program for your schools? First, you might consider which approach to conflict resolution you will take. In this story, learn about four approaches used in conflict resolution programs. Find out how each actually transforms schools. Included: Resources for learning more about each of the four approaches to conflict resolution education.
Conflict resolution is and has been a powerful curriculum force in schools for years; today, even more attention is being paid to conflict resolution education. But just how effective is conflict resolution education in reaching its goals of eliminating verbal and physical violence and increasing the number of win-win outcomes in schools?
Yes, it is possible for conflict resolution programs to change a school's environment! "Conflict Resolution Education: A Guide to Implementing Programs in Schools, Youth-Serving Organizations, and Community and Juvenile Justice Settings," a joint report from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, cites examples of effective conflict resolution programs. Among those success stories are these:
- Five of the six New York City high schools participating in Project S.M.A.R.T. (School Mediator Alternative Resolution Team) had a 45 to 70 percent reduction in suspensions for fighting during the program's first year of operation.
- The Clark County Social Service School Mediation Program in Nevada, during the 1992-1993 school year, reduced conflict among students in two participating elementary schools and helped prevent fights among students. After the program, the number of teachers who spent less than 20 percent of their time on discipline increased by 18 percent. Similar results were reported for the 1993-1994 school year.
- Evaluations of the impact of the Resolving Conflict Creatively Program (RCCP) in four multiracial, multiethnic school districts in New York City showed that 84 percent of teachers who responded to a survey reported positive changes in classroom climate, 71 percent reported moderate or significant decreases in physical violence in the classroom, and 66 percent observed less name-calling and few verbal insults. More than 98 percent of respondents said that mediation gave children a significant tool for handling conflicts.
'CONFLICT RESOLUTION EDUCATION'
According to the "Conflict Resolution Education" report, the purposes of conflict resolution are to provide an environment in which "each learner can feel physically and psychologically free from threats and danger and can find opportunities to work and learn with others for the mutual achievement of all. The diversity of the school's population is respected and celebrated."
The report offers negotiation, mediation, and consensus of decision making as the three essential processes of conflict resolution. It goes on to define four basic approaches to conflict resolution education:
- Process Curriculum. This approach is characterized by teaching conflict resolution as a separate course, a distinct curriculum, or a daily lesson plan.
- Mediation Program. Selected individuals (adults and/or students) are trained in the principles of conflict resolution and mediation to provide neutral third-party input to assist others in reaching resolution to a conflict.
- Peaceable Classroom. This approach integrates conflict resolution education into the curriculum and classroom management strategy.
- Peaceable Schools. Built on the peaceable classroom approach, this strategy uses conflict resolution as a system for managing the school as well as the classroom. Every member of the school community, including parents, learns conflict resolution principles and processes.
The approaches often overlap in actual schools or other institutions. Here's a look at how each approach works in a different program.
PROCESS CURRICULM APPROACH
The Peace Education Foundation (PEF) provides a grade-level-specific curriculum for prekindergarten through grade 12 that has a unified sequence of content and skills. To entrench conflict resolution in schools, PEF programs are purposefully tied to school improvement.
The content of the PEF curriculum is grouped into five components:
- community building,
- understanding conflict,
- perception (understanding different viewpoints),
- anger management, and
- rules for fighting fair.
PEF's curriculum also includes mediation in grades 4 through 12. It provides instructions for training peer mediators and overseeing a school-based mediation program.
MEDIATION PROGRAM APPROACH
Said a fourth-grade mediator from Wilmette, Illinois, "We help kids who are fighting talk about their problems. Some people think kids can't help other kids solve their problems. But we can. It's real neat because we don't work out things for kids who are fighting. They solve their own problems, and we help."
That expresses the core idea behind the mediation program approach: teaching children and adults to mediate, or help disputants find their own solution to a disagreement. The Peer Mediation Schools Program, developed by the New Mexico Center for Dispute Resolution (NMCDR), trains the staff and the entire student body in the mediation process. The program's components are teacher modeling, a curriculum, and mediation, and it is designed for use in diversified settings.
Staff members are presented with several options, ranging from pledging general support for the program to referring students to mediation and encouraging participation in the process to participating in mediation training and serving as a staff mediator.
The curriculum is mandatory in elementary school and optional in middle and high school. The curriculum teaches and reinforces communication, develops vocabulary and concepts related to conflict, and develops problem-solving skills at the elementary level. At the secondary level, a 15-lesson curriculum teaches and reinforces communication skills, problem solving, and anger management.
PEACEABLE CLASSROOM APPROACH
In peaceable classrooms, teachers use the cooperative learning and academic controversy methods developed by David Johnson and Roger Johnson. Students work in small groups to achieve shared learning goals. Academic controversy methods are used when two students disagree. Deliberate discourse -- the discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of proposed actions -- is how controversies are resolved.
Educators for Social Responsibility (ESR), based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, fosters children's ethical and social development through its programs in conflict resolution, violence prevention, intergroup relations, and character education.
ESR defines the term peaceable as meaning a "safe, caring, respectful, and productive learning environment." A major premise of ESR is that teachers learn to model the behavior they teach through direct instruction, and schools assume the values they seek to nurture among young people in all facets of their program. As an example of how ESR operates, it recommends that students and teachers make decisions together about classroom norms at the beginning of the school year and that teachers give early instruction in problem solving and decision making so the skills can be used and reinforced throughout the year.
PEACEABLE SCHOOL APPROACH
The Resolving Conflict Creatively Program (RCCP), an initiative of ESR, involves five components:
- professional development for teachers and other staff,
- regular classroom instruction based on a K-12 curriculum,
- peer mediation,
- administrator training, and
- parent training.
Teachers who want to implement RCCP in their classrooms take a 25-hour introductory course, giving them the opportunity to receive feedback on their lessons and see skilled practitioners give demonstration lessons in the classroom.
Teachers are encouraged to devote 30 to 45 minutes at least once a week for a specific workshop in conflict resolution prepared from the curriculum guide. Teachers also include conflict resolution lessons, strategies, and skills into the regular academic program.
Schools agree to implement the RCCP curriculum for at least a year before beginning peer mediation, which will reinforce the problem-solving skills already being developed in classrooms. Other key elements in RCCP are administrator training and parent training. Parents participate in a 12-hour workshop on the skills and concepts of conflict resolution and intergroup relations in order to make their homes more peaceful. That way, parents can help their children become more skilled in the conflict resolution they are learning in school.
Said a ninth-grade student from Vista, California, "I've seen changes in some of the kids at school since we started this program. They look at things differently now. They don't act the same; they try to be more peaceful now. I think we are really changing the gangs on this campus. There used to be a lot of gangs before, writing in the bathrooms and all that, but it's sort of stopped. It's more peaceful now."
WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT
APPROACHES TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION EDUCATION?
If you're looking for additional conflict resolution resources, don't
miss another Education World story this week, Ten Web Sites
for Exploring Conflict Resolution in the Classroom. That story includes
sites that provide a wide range of practical materials for supporting
and instituting conflict resolution programs in our schools.
To order "Conflict Resolution Education: A Guide to Implementing Programs in Schools, Youth-Serving Organizations, and Community and Juvenile Justice Settings," call the National Criminal Justice Reference Service at 800-851-3420. To access the guide on-line, go to http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/160935.txt.
Peace Education Foundation
1900 Biscayne Boulevard
Miami, FL 33132-1025
Phone: 800-749-8838
New Mexico Center for Dispute Resolution
620 Roma NW, Suite B
Albuquerque, NM 87102
Phone: 800-249-6884
Educators for Social Responsibility
23 Garden Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: 617-792-1764
RCCP National Center
163 Third Avenue, No. 103
New York, NY 10003
Phone: 212-387-0225
Article by Sharon Cromwell
Education World®
Copyright © 1999 Education World
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Updated 2/28/2003
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